Effect of adding lime waste and sodium chloride on bentonite swelling behavior and infiltration rate

Hussien, Marwa Salama

doi:10.21608/absb.2021.47748.1091

Effect of adding lime waste and sodium chloride on bentonite swelling behavior and infiltration rate

Document Type : Original Article

Author

marwa salama hussien

construction research institute

10.21608/absb.2021.47748.1091

Abstract

Bentonite is artificial clayey soil that not only has the tendency to swell or increase in volume but also to shrink or decrease in volume due to variations in water content. In geotechnical engineering field, this soil causes severe damage to structures that are founded. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of adding lime waste which is obtained from Abou Korkas sugarcane factory and sodium chloride on swelling properties of bentonite as a chemical stabilization process. In this regard, important techniques (SEM and EDX) were carried out to identify the mineralogy and microstructure variations before and after stabilization. Bentonite shows considerably different engineering behavior mainly depending on the mineralogical and chemical compositions. The results of the physical (geotechnical) tests indicated that lime waste and NaCl additives decreased the free swelling and increased the water infiltration of bentonite; the free swelling of the studied bentonite sample was 490% and free swelling for treated bentonite samples ranged between 250% and 370%, with an average of 297%. SEM and EDX analyses showed that all clay minerals are transformed to new ﬂocculated cementitious compounds, such as calcium silicate hydrated (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrated (CAH) so that bentonite texture is improved. The infiltration rate generally increases with either increase in salinity and electric conductivity; the values of infiltration rate were increased from 25 to 60 mm/h for the studied samples with an average value of 43.33 mm/h, due to reduction in clay content and a corresponding increase in the percentage of coarse particles. Utilization of solid wastes results in soil stabilization provides opportunity for cost savings in roadway construction, which will be of economic importance in developing countries.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Chemistry

References

[1] Aboukila, E. F., & Norton, J. B., (2017). Estimation of saturated soil paste salinity from soil-water extracts. Journal of soil science. Vol. 182, No.3, Pp.107-113.

[2] Al-Azzawi, A., Khalida, A., Daud, Muhammed, A., & Abdul, S., (2012). Effect of silica fume addition on the behavior of silty-clayey soils. Journal of engineering and development, Vol. 16, No.1. Pp.92-105.

[3] Bell, F. G., (1988). Stabilization and treatment of clay soils with lime, part 1of basic principles. International journal of ground engineering. Vol.21, No.1, Pp.10-15.

[4] Eades, J. L., Nicholas, F. P., & Grim, R. E., (1962). Formation of new minerals with lime stabilization as proven by field experiments in Virginia. Highway research board, bulletin, Vol.26. No. 335, Pp. 31-39.

[5] Egyptian Code Practice of Soil Mechanics (ECP): Part 2, (2001). Standard test method for free swell test. Vol. 202, Pp. 142-152.

[6] Egyptian Code of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Design and Construction (EC/Part 202/2-2001), (2009). Laboratory tests. National Center for Housing and Construction Research. Cairo. Egypt.

[7] Elmashad, M., & Ata, A., (2016). Effect of seawater on consistency, infiltration rate and swelling characteristics of Montmorillonite clay. Journal of Housing and Building National Research Center, Vol. 12, Pp. 175 -180.

[8] Elmashad, M. A., (2017). Effect of chemical additives on consistency, infiltration rate and swelling characteristics of bentonite. National water research center journal. No.13, Pp. 177- 188.

[9] Erica, V., (2013). Scanning electron microscope image as a mean to determine dispersibility. M.Sc. thesis. Department of civil engineering. Lowa State University. Ames, Lowa.

[10] Hossain, M. A. (2001). Geotechnical behaviour of a lime treated expansive soil. M.Sc. thesis, Department of civil engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

[11] Ismael, A., (2006). Treatment and improvement of the geotechnical properties of soft fine-grained soils using chemical stabilization. Ph.D. thesis. Department of geotechnical engineering. Halle Wittenberg University. Germany.

[12] Ismail, A., & Ryden, N., (2014). The quality control of engineering properties for stabilizing silty Nile Delta clay soil, Egypt. Journal of geotechnical engineering. Vol.32, No.9, Pp.773-781.

[13] Kolaventi, S.S., Venigalla, S.G., & Rakesh, D., (2016). Stabilization of black cotton soil using salts and their comparative analysis. International journal of engineering development and research, Vol. 4, No. 2, Pp.797-800

[14] Komine, H., & Ogata, N., (1996). Prediction for swelling characteristics of compacted bentonite. Canadian geotechnical journal. Vol.33, No.1, Pp.11-22.

[15] Lew, B., (2010). Structure damage due to expansive soils: A case study. Journal of environmental geotechnical engineering. Vol.15, No.12, Pp.1317-1324.

[16] Magdi, M., Asmi, O., Abdelmarouf, Abubakr, E., Gameil & Zumrawi, (2017). Damages of buildings on expansive soils, diagnosis and avoidance. International journal of scientific emerging research. Vol.6, No.2, Pp.108-116.

17] Marwa, H. S., (2016). Improvement of swelling soil for constructions by industrial chemical wastes. M.Sc. thesis in applied chemistry. Department of environmental basic science. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

18] Negi, C., Yadav, R.K. & Singhai, A.K., (2013). Effect of silica fume on index properties of black cotton soil. International journal of scientific and engineering research. Vol.4, No.8, Pp.828-832.

[19] Sally, M.A., (2017). Treatment of swelling soil using salt and phosphogypsum. M.Sc. thesis. Department of civil engineering. Ain shams university. Cairo, Egypt.

[20] Tilak, B., Dutt, R.K., & Mohanty. B., (2014). Engineering properties of bentonite modified with lime and gypsum. Jordan journal of civil engineering. Vol.8, No.2, Pp.39-45.

[21] Wong, L.S., Hashim, R., & Ali, F. (2013). Improved strength and reduced permeability of stabilized peat focus on application of Kaolin as a pozzolanic additive. Construction and building materials journal, Vol.40, Pp.783-792.

[22] Zaman, M., Laguros, J.G., & Sayah, A., (1992). Soil stabilization using cement kiln dust. Proceeding of the 7th international conference on expansive soils, Dallas, USA, Pp. 347-351.

[23] Zumrawi, M. E., (2015). Construction Problems of light structures founded on expansive soils in Sudan. Vol.4, No.8, Pp.896-902.