Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201IDENTICAL BANDS AND STAGGERING IN SUPERDEFORMED ROTATIONAL BANDS FOR 193,194,195TL NUCLEI18643010.21608/absb.2013.6430ENA. M.KHALAFPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-AZhar University, Cairo – EgyptM.F.ELGABRYMathematics & Physics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-AZhar University, Cairo – EgyptN.GAB ALLAHPhysics Department, Faculty of Science (Girls Branch), Al-AZhar University, Cairo – EgyptJournal Article20130605A simple collective rotational model has been constructed to investigate the identical bands in odd-odd nucleus <sup>194</sup>Tl and its neighbor odd-A nuclei <sup>193</sup>Tl and <sup>195</sup>Tl, to describe the ∆I = 1 staggering effect in signature partner pairs of odd-A superdeformed bands <sup>193</sup>Tl (SD1, SD2) and <sup>195</sup>Tl (SD1, SD2) and to describe also the ∆I = 2 staggering observed in <sup>194</sup>Tl (SD3).<br /> The model parameters and the bandhead spin ware obtained by adopted best fit method. The systematic variation of the kinematic and dynamic moments of inertia are studied as a function of the rotational frequency, it is found that the blocking effect of the high-j intruder orbital plays an important role. To describe the ∆I = 1 staggering we extracted the differences between the average transitions I + 2 → I → I - 2 energies in one band and the transition I + 1 → I - 1 energies in its signature partner. To describe ∆I = 2 staggering we calculated the deviation of transition energies from a smooth reference representing the finite difference approximation to the fourth derivative of the transition energies. We noticed transition energies in the nucleus <sup>193</sup>Tl is identical to their N + 1, N + 2 neighbors. Also the analysis done allows us to confirm ∆I = 1 staggering in signature partners of <sup>193</sup>Tl, <sup>195</sup>Tl and ∆I = 2 staggering in SD3 band in <sup>194</sup>Tl by performing a staggering parameter analysis.https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6430_3122879dbb809837a36de5141826929f.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201DETERMINATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS CONCENTRATIONS IN COSMETICS COMMONLY USED IN ARABIC REGIONS919658110.21608/absb.2013.6581ENM.M.SHERIFDepartment of Physics, Faculty of science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, EgyptO.R.ABDURAHEMDepartment of Physics, Faculty of science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, EgyptJournal Article20130605Forty two samples of cosmetics including twenty one artificial cosmetics (makeup and skin care items) and twenty-one traditional cosmetics used particularly in Arabic regions were analyzed to determine theconcentrations ofPb, Cd, As, Hg, Ni, Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Sr and V. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission (ICP- OES)spectrometer were applied for elemental analysis. The outcome of this paper shows that lead and cadmium concentrations are so high in all kohl samples. The higher concentrations of arsenic were in hand cream samples imported from Israel (43.37 and 52.71 ppm), while the higher concentration of mercury is 585.16 ppm. The amounts of heavy elements that may be absorbed into the body from daily usage of lipsticks and kohl have been calculated.https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6581_b640fc03152a7b9f191ccb95cbd80a27.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201SIMULATING THE BEHAVIOR OF WIND AND SWELL WAVES GENERATED BY CONSTANT WIND FIELD OVER PACIFIC OCEAN2131658210.21608/absb.2013.6582ENT. A.SAYADFaculty of Science (boys), Al-Azhar UniversityALAA. M. A.MAHMOUDFaculty of Science (boys), Al-Azhar UniversityF. M.EL HUSSAINYFaculty of Science (boys), Al-Azhar UniversityN. A.DARWISHEgyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA)Journal Article20130615Wam model is used with resolution 0.25<sup>O</sup> to simulate wind and swell wave's behavior that is generated with constant wind speeds (0.1 m/sec to 20 m/sec). The area of study is over the Pacific Ocean (24°S - 3°N and135°W - 109°W).<br /> It is found that the model results show for near calm wind case (0.1 m/sec), no significant impact up to 72 hours on wave height, swell and total wave height. It is also shown in the later case that the wave height is mainly swell wave. In this work a threshold wind speed value (about 7 m/sec) is detected. It is found that swell wave height decays (develops) with time as wind speed is below (above) the threshold value.https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6582_7e89be5851c4052abd33cf34e1661aaa.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201STUDY OF THE MAJOR CONDITIONS INFLUENCING STEP HEIGHT MEASUREMENT USING INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPE3340658310.21608/absb.2013.6583ENEZZATORABYNational Institute of Standards-Egypt, Al Haram, Tersa st.,M.AMERNational Institute of Standards-Egypt, Al Haram, Tersa st.,T.Z.A.ABOU-ELNASRAl-Azhar University- EgyptM. M.ELOKRAl-Azhar University- EgyptJournal Article20130624Step height measurements in micro and nano scale are essential to the micro-technology. The interferometric measurement is carried out using two main techniques: white light scanning interferometry (WLI) and phase stepping interferometry (PSI). A step height standard sample of nominal step height value h of 90.1 nm has been studied using the PSI mode with an optical filter light of λ = 633.4 nm against three parameters: vertical distance (z) between objective and sample, intensity of the incident light and the inclination angles of the sample to the incident light. The effect of numerical aperture of objectives has been referenced to some literature. The total budget of studied parameters for the sample 90.1 nm leads to expanded uncertainty of 0.46 nm.https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6583_2f136317759a389274aeb47ee332a26f.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPE MEASUREMENTS BY APPLYING GENETIC ALGORITHM4152658410.21608/absb.2013.6584ENEZZATORABYNational Institute of Standards-Egypt, Al Haram, Tersa stM.AMERNational Institute of Standards-Egypt, Al Haram, Tersa stT.Z.A.ABOU-ELNASRAl-Azhar University- EgyptM. M.El OkrAl-Azhar University- EgyptJournal Article20130702The interference microscope measurements with white light scanning interferometry (WLSI) and phase stepping interferometry (PSI) have been improved by optimizing the experimental conditions such as vertical distance between the objective and the surface under test (z), the tilt angles of the incident light beam with the surface and incident light intensity (I). Finally an accurate surface parameters measurement is obtainable. A genetic algorithm code has been developed to determine the best values of experimental conditions instead of manual adjustment by the operator. The combined uncertainty has been successfully reduced from 3.01 nm to 0.84 nm for the WLSI roughness measurement. While it has been reduced from 0.18 nm to 0.08 nm for the PSI step height measurement.https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6584_ffe71bfbceca9e414cbe243045a82008.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201CRYSTAL TO AMORPHOUS TRANSITION OF SI AND AR IMPLANTED SILICON USING SINGLE-EFFECTIVE OSCILLATOR MODEL5364658510.21608/absb.2013.6585ENM. A.EL-SHERBINYPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, EgyptJournal Article20130710Complex dielectric function was used to calculate refractive index and optical dispersion parameters for silicon wafers implanted with Si and Ar ions with different fluences. Energies of 200 and 800 keV were used, in order to relate ion implantation parameters with lattice perturbation. Single-effective oscillator energy, average strength of the interband optical transition, zero frequency (static) refractive index, moments of e(E) dispersion spectra, plasma angular frequency, lattice energy, the contribution of the free carriers and Urbach energy were obtained on the basis of the single-effective oscillator model proposed by Wemple and DiDomenico to monitor crystalline-amorphous transformation.<br /> Used experimental techniques and damage profiles have been demonstrated elsewhere<sup>(1)</sup>. Real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant were calculated from the recently measured ellipsometric parameters (phase difference D and amplitude ratio <em>y</em> ) <sup>(1,2).</sup><br /> Progressive increase in the absorption coefficient magnitude below fundamental edge, oscillator energy E<sub>0</sub>, and oscillator average strength E<sub>d</sub> with increasing ion fluence is primarily a defect formation effect, which produce a perturbation to the periodic potential of the crystal resulting a localized states in the band gap. The suggested mechanism can account for the decrease of both lattice energy (E<sub>l</sub>) and <em>N/m<sup>*</sup></em> behavior. Decrease of static refractive index in the low fluencies interpreted as a decrease in the dangling bonds which attributed to restructuring of the bonds. With increase of fluence the dangling bonds increased denoting formation of clusters together and increasing its mean size up to a percolation threshold. Increasing Urbach energy as a function of fluencies was observed and interpreted from the point view of Mott–Anderson transition.https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6585_00aa1305b8ea1924aeeaad39511276d6.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF SATELLITE MOTION UNDER THE EFFECTS OF THE EARTH’S GRAVITY OF THE AXIAL SYMMETRY AND DRAG FORCE IN TERMS OF THE KS-REGULARIZED VARIABLES6575658610.21608/absb.2013.6586ENGAMAL F.ATTIANational Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, EgyptJournal Article20130802This paper is concerned with an orbit prediction using one of the best regular theories (KS-regularized variables). Perturbations due to the Earth’s gravitational field with axial symmetry up to the fourth order zonal harmonic and rotating/non-rotating atmosphere (variation in density model with height) are considered. Applications of the problem will be illustrated by numerical and graphical example.https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6586_c5a26173df848821e36343a16420f95f.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201STUDYING THE FEATURES OF OPTICAL LASER-BASED RANGING SYSTEMS7791658710.21608/absb.2013.6587ENG.F.ATTIANational Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, EgyptI.A.HASSANDept. of Astronomy, AL-Azhar University, Egypt.R.GHONEIMNational Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, EgyptJournal Article20130801The increased requirements on ranging precision in many military, industrial and astronomical applications illustrate the importance of the Laser ranging systems (called Laser radar) as a modern ranging system. In this paper, the authors study the main features of laser ranging systems in its two main modes, the pulsed mode and the continuous wave subcarrier mode (CWSM). The main advantages of each mode are discussed then proved out by experimental data given by the satellite ranging system Helwan and an experimental setup built on the bases of CWSM. These results show good agreement with that expected theoretically. https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6587_5e1b1598090052b88f34bf04795fb127.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201CONTRIBUTION OF P11 (1440) RESONANCE TO THE d(e, e′ π+)nn REACTION INCLUDING NN FINAL STATE INTERACTION107113658810.21608/absb.2013.6588ENMAHMOUDTAMMAMFaculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Egypt.Journal Article20130803The effect of P<sub>11</sub>(1440) (Roper) resonance on the response functions for the positivelly charged pion electroproduction from the deuteron is studied using the well known spectator model. The amplitude for the elementary reaction <em>γ<sup>*</sup> N→π</em><em><sup>+</sup></em><em> N</em> is taken from MAID2003 model. The effect of the <em>NN </em>interaction subsystem in the final state interaction (FSI) is included. Two values for the four momentum transferred Q<sup>2</sup> are used. A small effect of the Roper resonance on the structure functions is found.https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6588_bd27f3954e8a7468959fdec7e1824e45.pdfAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science1110-253524Issue 2-B20131201IDENTIFICATION CHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANT SOURCES OVER EGYPT ON 10 MAY 2010115128658910.21608/absb.2013.6589ENA.ADAMEgyptian Meteorological Authority, Koubry El-Qubba, Cairo, Egypt.F.M.EL-HUSSAINYAstronomy and Meteorology Dept., Fac. of Sci., Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo, Egypt.A.A.ALIAir Pollution Research Environment Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.M.M.EIDAstronomy and Meteorology Dept., Fac. of Sci., Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20130823Mineral dust particles are considered one of the most important types of aerosols in the atmosphere which can be lifted to high altitudes and transported widely. It can mix with polluted air masses during transport and become coated with soluble chemical substance. Thereby, it can contribute to the radiative forcing and the precipitation formation. For this article, we have collected airborne Saharan dust by gravitational settling on a clean surface during sand storms events over Egypt on spring 2010 on 10 May the sample of mineral particles was taken from Port said, Dabaa, Elarish, 6 October, Aburdees and Kaha Cities. We collected six samples of airborne mineral dust which had been carried by the winds from the Sahara desert to sampling different points which are located and analyzed by Ion chromatography. It was found that the airborne Saharan dust samples had accumulated soluble coatings during transport by interaction with air pollutants. Cation and Anion are (Na<sup>+</sup>, NH<sup>+</sup><sub>4</sub> , K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup> , Mg<sup>2+</sup>, No<sup>-</sup><sub>2</sub> , No<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub> , Cl<sup>-</sup> , Br<sup>-</sup>, F<sup>-</sup>, SO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub>) on May 2010. Possible source regions of airborne mineral dust particles were determined by using the air mass back - trajectories model and the aerosol optical depth (AOD) through Deep Blue AOD in the range 550 nm. https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_6589_82098d52e2688b926412991cd70591b7.pdf